Content management and transformation system for digital content

ABSTRACT

A transformation engine that enables content and information to be transformed from one format, a source format, to a format that is compatible with the requesting device, a destination format. Advantageously, various device types can access and share content via a network without concern as to the original format of the content. When a client device provides a request for content, the transformation engine identifies delivery characteristics of the client device, and identifies a source for the requested content. The transformation engine then transforms the source formatted content into a format identified through a best fit analysis of the delivery characteristics of the device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application havingSer. No. 09/912,220, filed on Jul. 24, 2001, which claims the benefit ofthe filing date for U.S. Provisional Patent Application entitled“CONTENT MANAGEMENT AND TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SGML CONTENT” filed onJun. 29, 2001 and assigned Ser. No. 60/302,035.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the transformation of information fromone of a plurality of formats that may be utilized by an informationsource, to another of a plurality of formats that is required or desiredby a destination for that information and, more particularly, thetransformation of content from one markup language format to the same oranother markup language format. In addition, the present inventionrelates to use of this transformation in allowing a variety of platformsto access content and/or applications regardless of the source format ofthat content.

One of the primary capabilities that has fueled the popularity of theInternet is the ability to share information and technology. What othertechnology could a professor in a remote village in China use to sharehis ability to program or create content with a student in Midland,Tex.? Through the technology of the Internet and its ability to allowdownloading of applications, resources, and information usingclient-server principles, these types of transactions take placemillions of times every hour.

Many times, during the spawning of a new technology, in an effort torush the deployment and acceptance of the new technology, thetechnological community may adopt a less sophisticated or inferiorembodiment of a new technology. Such compromises are usually driven bythe consumer or the desire to have a product to market before one'scompetitors. The adoption of inferior embodiments can result in creatingartificial limitations on the technology—limitations based on format andcompatibility issues rather than technology issues. The rapid growth anddeployment of the world wide web, coupled with the introduction ofincreasingly sophisticated client formats, languages, types of contentand platforms, has given rise to such a situation.

When the world is faced with an inferior embodiment of a new technology,over time, the problem usually is corrected. Two methods for correctingthe problem include the deployment of a new or next generationtechnology, or the development of another technology to resolve oralleviate the problem. The present invention is directed towards thissecond method, while at the same time, providing a revolutionarytechnology that will expand the usability of the Internet.

One of the primary roles of the Internet is as a source of content. Dueto the ease of a device being interfaced to the Internet, a vast arrayof different devices are connected to and interact over the Internet.Each of these devices may be a source of content to other devicesthrough the Internet or, may attempt to access content from otherdevices through the Internet. Similar devices, or devices that store andutilize content in a similar format, can easily share content over theInternet. However, dissimilar devices, or devices that utilize differentor even incompatible formats, cannot easily share content.

This information or content incompatibility problem is not unique to theInternet. This problem has also reared its head in other areas such asword processing, databases, or other applications that create and storefiles in a particular format. One technique that has been adopted is theuse of conversion programs. A conversion program will read informationin one format and convert it to a different format. For instance,Microsoft Word includes an embedded conversion program that will allow aWord Perfect document to be converted to Microsoft Word format. Thistype of conversion program is not a viable solution for the sharing ofcontent over the Internet. One reason is that there is a large number offormats, and even new formats being introduced, for content on theInternet. The conversion program would be very complex, processorintensive, and large. In addition, when accessing content through theInternet, it may be difficult or impossible to know in what format thecontent is stored. For small, portable, and wireless devices that accesscontent over the Internet, these characteristics render this techniqueuseless. Thus, there is a need in the art to allow devices that requirecontent in a particular format, to access content through the Internet,or any other local or global network, regardless of the format in whichthe content is stored.

One general format for content that is prolific on the Internet ismarkup languages. A markup language is a set of codes and/or charactersthat are interspersed with text and references to other content. Themarkup language directs the processing of an application that displaysthe content. Many different markup languages have been developed andcontent can be found on the Internet in any one of the variety of markuplanguages. However, the basic function of a markup language is toinstruct an application with regards to how to display or render aparticular item. For instance, the following line in Rich Text Format, amarkup language used by many personal computer based applications,

{\b\f3\fs24\u1 Melia Design Group—Creators of Nimbus\'99}

would result in causing a work processor to render the name “MeliaDesign Group—Creators of Nimbus™” as bolded (\b), 12 point (\fs24)courier font (\f3), and underlined with one line (\u1):

Melia Design Group—Creators of Nimbus™

The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) is a descriptive markuplanguage that basically provides a set of rules for creating othermarkup languages. Rather than instructing an application as to theparticular aspects of a piece of text (i.e., bold, underlined,italicized) the SGML language describes a category for the text (i.e.,title, level 2 heading, bulleted entry, etc.). The exact particulars ofthe SGML format can be found in the standard ISO 8879:1986. Severalmarkup languages have been created through SGML, the most popular ofwhich is the Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) which was mainly createdfor use on the world wide web. SGML has also been used to create markuplanguages for a multitude of applications including word processors,parsers, and publishing, as well as other document formatting languagessuch as DHTML, XML, XHTML, GML and HDML.

The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is an SGML markup languagesupported by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and basically is aweb-ready subset of SGML. As a subset of SGML, XML is more suitable forproviding content to devices that are limited in memory or processingresources. Parsers and applications that utilize XML can be smaller andless processor intensive. As a subset of SGML, content that is stored inXML format is also valid SGML content. However, all SGML content is notnecessarily valid XML content.

Thus, many markup languages have been developed (some of which arecompatible with others, incompatible with others, limited incapabilities, etc.), and are in use within the Internet today. Thesemarkup languages allow devices and/or applications that support themarkup language, to render content onto the device in a particularfashion. Other tools have also been developed to help control therendering of content. Stylesheets is an example of one such tool.Stylesheets describe how a particular document (content) is to bepresented on a screen, display, print, or otherwise. By attachingstylesheets to markup language structured documents (e.g. HTML) authorsand readers can influence the presentation of the content without losingdevice independence.

The eXtensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) is a language for expressingstylesheets. One of the components of XSL is the XSL Transformations(XSLT) which is a language for transforming XML documents. Atransformation expressed in XSLT is called a stylesheet because thetransformation functions as a stylesheet—describes rules fortransforming a source tree into a result tree. The stylesheet contains aset of template rules with each template rule having two parts: (1) apattern which is matched against nodes in a source tree and (2) atemplate which can be utilized to form part of the result tree. Thetransformation is performed by associating patterns with templates. Apattern is matched against elements in the source tree. A template isinstantiated to create part of the result tree. The result tree isseparate from the source tree and, the structure of the result tree canbe completely different from the structure of the source tree. Inconstructing the result tree, elements from the source tree can befiltered and reordered, and arbitrary structure can be added. Inoperation, the stylesheet declares what output should be produced when apattern in the XML document is matched. Additional information about theoperation of the XSLT can be obtained from the W3C or by visiting itswebsite at the URL of http://www.w3.org.

Overall, the use of XSLT allows XML documents to be reformattedaccording to the parameters of XSL stylesheets, and presentationflexibility of the XML source can be obtained. This is an importantfunction since it allows the separation of content from presentation—akey function for the extensibility and flexibility of the world wideweb. Chris Lilley, a W3C staff contact for the XSL Working Group statesthat with XSLT “we're closer to delivering rich, structured data contentto a wider range of devices.” Thus, XSLT allows a variety of devicesthat support varying markup languages to access content that is in astandardized format—XML.

Although XSLT helps to provide content to a variety of devices, severalproblems are still present in the state of the art. One such problem isthat the majority of web-based content is not formatted as XML documentsbut rather, as HTML documents. In addition, XML is not the easiestmarkup language to develop content with, thus, other, more user friendlylanguages are usually employed. Thus, to truly recognize the benefits ofXSLT, there is a need for a mechanism to convert existing content intoXML. However, to convert a majority of the content that is available onthe web into XML would be a daunting task. In addition, even if such atask could be performed, it would result in crippling the contentprovider community since the majority of content creators, as well asthe tools used to create content, is more HTML oriented rather than XML.Thus, there is a need in the art for a mechanism to convert content toXML, or some other interim format, when the content is being requestedby a device. Such a mechanism would need to perform this task in a quickand efficient manner so as not to degrade the performance of accessingweb content.

As previously stated, XML is a limited language that only uses a subsetof the capabilities of SGML. Because of this, a transformation from oneSGML format to XML and then from XML to another SGML format may resultin the loss of some information. What is needed in the art is amechanism to take content from one SGML format and translate it toanother SGML format while minimizing the loss of any information. Onetechnique to accomplish this would be to have a device or utility thatdirectly transforms one SGML document into another SGML document. Such atechnique would be a tremendous improvement in the world wide web.Another technique to accomplish this would be to have a device orutility that transforms content from a variety of formats, including butnot limited to SGML, into an interim format, and coupling this device orutility with another device or utility that would transform content fromthe interim format to a device specific format.

Internet content may be accessed from an ever increasing number andvariety of devices. Today, such devices include desktop computers,laptop computers, hand held personal data assistants (PDA), cellulartelephones, appliances, electronic kiosks, GPS devices and many more. Inthe future it is quite certain that additional devices will be used inthe same manner Each such device may have different display capabilitiesand may utilize varying types of data interpreters. One device may usean SGML based web-browser, one device may use a WAP based browser andyet another device may use a non-markup language based interpreter. Theabove-described needs in the art are even more apparent when such avariety of devices are all attempting to access content from the worldwide web. However, in addition to needing the capability to transformcontent from one format to another, there is also a need in the art todetermine what type of format and what additional format structuring isnecessary in order to allow a device to render the content. When thetransformations are being performed by a server-based environment ratherthan a client-based environment, the server must be able to identify thespecific requirements of the destination of the content, and interjectthese specific requirements into the transformation process.

To illustrate the benefits that the present invention gives rise to, aneed in the art regarding sever-based applications is provided. Toutilize a server-based application, a client device connects to theserver and initiates a download of the application. The serveracknowledges the request and initializes the application for downloading(note that the application is also usually “compressed” for fasterdelivery over the Internet). The client device then downloads thecompressed application “executable” from the server.

The application is now stored on the client, but is not yet ready foruse. The application must first be unpacked or uncompressed, and thentypically an installation routine that will make the application readyto run on the client must be invoked. Once this is done, the applicationcan be invoked. Once invoked, the application runs resident in theclient's memory. The application must be recalled from the hard drive ofthe client device, and executed each time it is desired to be used. Inaddition, the client likely has word processors, spreadsheets, and emaileditor programs, which must be recalled from its hard disk and maderesident in its memory, to be executed. Each application consumesvaluable resources of the client device. Thus, there exists a need inthe art for a technique to minimize the expenditure of client resourceswhen running server-based applications.

Another problem in the industry can be seen by examining softwaredistribution techniques. Today, revisions or upgrades to applicationprograms must be downloaded or shipped on a digital media(“shrink-wrapped”) for installation by end-users. These upgradedversions are expensive to distribute and support costs are alsosignificantly increased. End-users will incur costs of shipping, mediaand packaging to install the application, and significant problems mayoccur during these updates (incompatibility with existing software orsystems installed on the end-user computer). Thus, there is a need inthe art for a method to provide updated software without incurring thecurrent expenses.

Therefore, it has been shown that there is a need in the art for devicesthat require content in a particular format, to access content throughthe Internet, or any other local or global network, regardless of theformat in which the content is stored. In addition, there is a need inthe art for a mechanism to convert content to XML, or some other interimformat, when the content is being requested by a device. Such amechanism would need to perform this task in a quick and efficientmanner so as not to degrade the performance of accessing web content.There is also a need in the art to determine what type of format andwhat additional format structuring in necessary in order to allow adevice to render the content.

Finally, there exists a need in the art for a technique to minimize theexpenditure of client resources when running server-based applicationsand for a method to provide updated software without incurring thecurrent expenses. The aforementioned needs in the art, as well as otherneeds are met by the various embodiments of the present invention thatare described within this specification.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed towards solving the aforementionedneeds in the art, as well as other needs in the art, by providing amechanism for transforming content between a variety of formats to allowthe content to be rendered on devices that support differing contentformats. One aspect of the present invention is that web-based content,which may be found in a variety of formats, can be rendered with adevice that only supports a particular content format. Advantageously,this aspect of the present invention extends the usefulness of the worldwide web as a general content resource.

Another aspect of the present invention is a content transformer enginethat includes a source content input, a memory element, and a conversionunit. The conversion unit receives source content in a first format atthe source content input, transforms the source content from the firstformat into an interim format; and stores the source content in theinterim format in the memory element. In one embodiment of this aspectof the present invention, the content transformer engine may transformSGML formatted content. In another embodiment, the interim format may beXML.

Another aspect of the present invention is a content transformer enginethat includes a source content input, a destination content output, adestination specific parameter input and a conversion unit. Theconversion unit receives source content in a source format at the sourcecontent input and at least one parameter from the destination specificparameter input. The conversion unit then transforms the source contentfrom the source format into an interim format. The conversion unit alsoidentifies a destination format for the content, based at least in parton the destination specific parameter. The conversion unit thentransforms the source content from the interim format to the destinationformat and provides the destination formatted content to the destinationcontent output. In one embodiment of this aspect of the presentinvention, the content transformer operates on SGML content. The interimformat may be XML or some other standard or proprietary format.

Another aspect of the present invention is a content transformer enginethat includes a client identifier, a template database, a best fitanalyzer, a linker database, an inbound content transformer and anoutbound content transformer. The client identifier receives a contentrequest from a client device and identifies characteristics about theclient device from the content request, and by deriving additionalinformation about the client device from implicit sources and previouslystored information. The best fit analyzer selects a best fit templatefrom the template database based, at least in part, on the client devicecharacteristic. The linker database contains location information forcontent resources and access information for each of the contentresources. The inbound content transformer receives source formattedcontent and transforms the source formatted content into interimformatted content. The outbound content transformer transforms theinterim formatted content into destination formatted content inaccordance with the best fit template. In one embodiment, the outboundtransformer is an extensible style language transformation engine. Inanother embodiment, the inbound transformer is a reverse extensiblestyle language transformation engine. In various embodiment, thecharacteristics of the client device may differ. Typical characteristicsmay include screen resolution, caching capabilities, device type,compression characteristics, decompression characteristics, networkcharacteristics, bandwidth characteristics, and connection type. Thus,these embodiments and aspects of the present invention allow devicesthat require content in a particular format, to access content throughthe Internet, or any other local or global network, regardless of theformat in which the content exists within the Internet. In addition, thepresent invention provides a mechanism to convert content to XML, orsome other interim format, when the content is being requested by adevice performs this task in a quick and efficient manner so as not todegrade the performance of accessing web content.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides the ability forany SGML content to be requested over the Internet and displayed by anySGML-based device making the request. Thus, this aspect of the inventionallows the conversion of SGML content within the Internet and/or anintranet to be read and converted into a compatible format for any of avariety of receiving platforms. This exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention also reads information in an SGML format, converts theinformation to an interim format, and then renders the information intoa different or the same SGML format as originally read.

One utilization of the present invention, is in the delivery and remoteaccess to server-based application programs. This utilization of theinvention involves a client or remote computer system invoking anapplication program residing on a remotely located server system. Theclient is typically connected to the server system through a networksuch as the Internet or an intranet. In operation, once a client invokesa server-based application program, the server system provides anapplication program interface to the client. The application interfacecan easily be adapted for compatibility with a variety of platformtypes. The server system obtains platform information from the client,and then constructs and provides a compatible application programinterface to the client.

These aspects and embodiments, as well as other aspects and embodimentsof the present invention are more clearly described in thespecification, figures and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 a is a block diagram illustrating the functional components of anexemplary embodiment of the transformation engine.

FIG. 1b is a block diagram illustrating the functional components of anexemplary embodiment of the transformation engine that utilizes aninterim content format.

FIG. 2 is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary environment inwhich the transformation engine can be utilized as a server-basedcontent transformer.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating further details of theserver-based content transformer described in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram illustrating a particular applicationof the present invention in providing a device-agnostic interfacecapability for server-based applications.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a mechanism for transforming contentbetween a variety of formats through the use of a transformation engine.In a general embodiment of the present invention, the transformationengine reads content in one format and transforms the content intoanother or the same format. Turning now to the figures in which likenumerals, letters and labels refer to like elements throughout thefigures, various embodiments and applications of the present inventionare provided.

FIG. 1a is a block diagram illustrating the functional components of anexemplary embodiment of the transformation engine. The transformationengine 100 a operates to transform source content 110 from its existingformat to a destination content format 130 that is compatible with adestination target. The transformation engine 100 a includes an s to dcontent transformer 140, where s and d are variables identifying theformat for the source content and the destination content respectively.In operation, the content transformer 140 receives or extracts contentstored in a source format (content_(s)) 110 and transforms thecontent_(s) into a destination format (content_(d)) 130. Thistransformation process may include the incorporation of destinationspecific parameters 135 to control the operation of the transformation.The transformation engine 100 a provides a bi-directional transformationof content, meaning that content can be transformed from and into any ofa variety of formats. This aspect of the present invention enablesuniversal transformation of content from any type to any type, rapidlyand at large scale and volume. This capability is not presentlyavailable for sharing of content via the Internet, and intranet or otherglobal or local networks.

Various embodiments of transformer engine 100 a may be used to performspecific content translations. In a particular embodiment, thetransformer engine 100 a may be used to transform content between SGMLformats. In this embodiment of the transformer engine 100 a, source SGML110 is input into the content transformer 140. The content transformer140 then renders the source SGML into a destination SGML format 130. Inthis embodiment of the transformer engine 100 a, the functionality ofthe content transformer 140 is provided through the use of a modifiedXSLT engine.

XSLT is an open standard that is sponsored and supported by the W3Corganization. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with theoperation of XSLT; however, additional information may be obtained fromthe URL http://www.w3.org/Style/XSL/. The standard XSLT engine takes anyXML content and renders it into SGML content or another variant of XML.The XSLT engine is a rules based conversion that examines the content ona tag level and converts the tags and groups of tags into an equivalentor near equivalent set of tags for the desired format. A simple examplecan be illustrated in the operation of the standard XSLT engine with abreak tag. In XML format, a break is portrayed as <br/>. Invoking theXLST engine with HTML identified as the destination format would resultin converting <br/>into <br>, the format used by HTML. The standard XSLTengine includes rules for transforming XML to a larger variety of otherSGML formats. XSLT is based on template rules which specify how XMLdocuments should be processed. Although conventional programminglanguages are often sequential, template rules can be based in any orderbecause XSLT is a declarative language. A stylesheet declares whatoutput should be produced when a pattern in the XML document is matched.

The modified XSLT engine of the present invention expands thecapabilities of the standard XSLT engine by allowing the ability toidentify a destination format, as well as a source format. The standardXSLT engine already includes the rules and stylesheets for multiple SGMLformats. This aspect of the present invention expands the use of theserules and stylesheets to all the transformation of one SGML format toanother. The determinative factors for the destination SGML formatinclude input parameters and information about the destination for thecontent, illustrated as destination specific parameters 135 in FIG. 1 a.

FIG. 1b is a block diagram illustrating the functional components of anexemplary embodiment of the transformation engine that utilizes aninterim content format. The transformation engine 100 b operates totransform source content 110 from one its existing format to a formatdestination content 130 that is compatible for a destination target. Thetransformation engine 100 b includes two main components: (a) an inboundcontent transformer 115 (source format to interim format) and (b) anoutbound content transformer 125 (interim format to destination format).In operation, the inbound content transformer 115 receives or extractscontent stored in a source format (content_(s)) 110 and transforms thecontent into an interim format (content_(i)) 120. Content, 120 may bestored for future use or it may immediately be processed by the outboundtransformer 125 and then discarded. Advantageously, this aspect of thisembodiment of the present invention allows content to be staged ortemporarily stored in the interim format. If the client device, or evena server device in a server-to-server content exchange, is too slow toreceive the content as it is transformed, the interim format is idealfor staging the content until the destination is ready to receive it.

The outbound content transformer 125 transforms the content, 120 into adestination format (content_(d)) 130. This outbound transformationprocess may include the incorporation of destination specific parameters135 to control the operation of the outbound transformation. Thetransformation engine 100 b provides a bi-directional transformation ofcontent, meaning that content can be transformed into a standard orproprietary interim format from a device specific format, and from thestandard or proprietary interim format into another or the same devicespecific format. This aspect of the present invention enables universaltransformation of content from any type to any type, rapidly and atlarge scale and volume. This capability is not presently available forsharing of content via the Internet, and intranet or other global orlocal networks. Various embodiments of transformer engine 100 b may beused to perform specific content translations. In a particularembodiment, the transformer engine 100 b may be used to transformcontent between SGML formats. In this embodiment of the transformerengine 100 b, source SGML 110 is the input to the inbound contenttransformer 115. The inbound content transformer 115 then renders thesource SGML into an interim format 120. Preferably the interim format120 is an industry standard format, such as XML, however any industrystandard or proprietary format that allows flexibility can be used. Thetransformed content in the interim format 120 may be stored in memory ora storage repository for further processing by the outbound contenttransformer 125. The content is then transformed from the interim format120 by the outbound transformer 125 into the destination SGML format130.

In this embodiment of the transformer engine 100 b, the outboundtransformer 125 function could be performed by employing the use of anXSLT engine. The inbound content transformer 115 is basically a reverseoperation of the standard XSLT engine. Rather than utilizing the rulesof XSLT to transform from XML to SGML, in reverse operation, the XSLTengine transforms SGML to XML. In this manner, the transformer engine100 b may convert any source SGML 110 content to any other determinativedestination SGML 130 content.

Therefore, in this embodiment, the modifications to the XSLT engineenable the bi-directional transformation of content. Standard XSLTengines, such as Sablotron developed by Ginger Alliance or Unicorn XSLTProcessor developed by Unicorn Enterprises, only allow “XML to SGML”transformations. This embodiment of the transformer engine 100 utilizesa modified XSLT engine to enable a reverse transformation “SGML to XML”.Thus, this embodiment of the present invention enables universaltransformation of content from and to any SGML format, rapidly and atlarge scale and volume.

It should be clear to those skilled in the art that the use of the XSLTengine and XML is simply one embodiment of the present invention thatmay be chosen due to convenience, standardization and availability ofcompatible content and tools. Other transformer engines that convertbetween other formats may also be employed and the present inventionanticipates the development and the use of such other transformerengines.

FIG. 2 is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary environment inwhich a transformation engine 100 can be utilized as a server-basedcontent transformer. In this environment, the transformer engine 100 isincorporated into an Internet connected server 200. This embodiment ofthe present invention is referred to as the NIMBUS server engine by thedevelopers of Melia Design Group but, is simply referred to as a serverengine 200 herein. Prior to addressing the details of the server engine200, the general operation and environment for the server engine 200 isprovided. The server engine 200 may be used to convert web based orInternet-based content to any of a variety of platforms. Forillustrative purposes, FIG. 2 provides a exemplary platforms that mayemploy the use of the server engine 200 (pen computer 210, PDA 220,portable computer 230, personal computer 240, interactive TV 250 throughbroadcasting station 255, cellular telephone 260 through mobiletelephone switching office 265, and other sources of content 270). Theserver engine 200, along with the exemplary platforms, iscommunicatively coupled to the Internet 290, or some other global orlocal network. Devices wishing to access content may do so through theserver engine 200. In operation, the server engine 200 receives arequest for content from a device. In response to such a request, theserver engine 200 obtains the content for the device as well asinformation about the device. The server engine 200 then transforms thecontent from it present format, to a format that is compatible with therequesting device.

As an illustrative example, suppose that a user of cellular telephone260 desires to obtain a stock quote. Assuming the cellular telephone 260is equipped with a hand held device markup language browser, the usermay browse through a list of bookmarks and select a specific bookmarkthat will request the stock quote. The server engine 200 supporting thecellular telephone 260 will receive the request. Depending on theparticular implementation, the server engine 200 may have pre-storedinformation about the cellular telephone 260 or, the server engine 200may enter a process to obtain the information about the cellulartelephone 260. In addition, the server engine 200 performs the necessaryfunctions or operations to obtain the stock quote. The stock quote maybe in a variety of formats including, HTML or simply ASCII text providedthrough an online feed. Regardless of the format or source of thecontent, the server engine 200 extracts the requested content andconverts it to a format that is compatible with the cellular telephone260, which in this case would be HDML. The server engine 200 thenprovides the requested content to the cellular telephone 260 which thenrenders the information on its display device 261.

From this illustrative example, it should be evident to the reader thatthe present invention provides tremendous benefit in the access andsharing of information within a global or local network. Each of thedevices illustrated in FIG. 2 may be a content source and a contentdestination. In addition, each device may require a different format forthe content. However, the present invention may be utilized to enableeach of the devices to share and receive content from any of the otherdevices.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating further details of the operationof the server-based content transformer described in FIG. 2. The overalloperation of this embodiment of the present invention can be describedin five general processes: (1) Client Identification, Determination andParsing; (2) Content Storage, Indexing and Retrieval; (3) ContentTransformation; (4) Content Packaging; and (5) Content Delivery.

Client Identification, Determination and Parsing. In this embodiment ofthe present invention, a client device 305 initiates the acquisition ofcontent by issuing a content request 307 to the server engine 200. Inresponse to receiving the content request 307, the server engine 200attempts to identify the characteristics or device specific informationregarding the client device 305 and/or the network from which the clientdevice 305 is operating. Depending on the particular content andstructure of the content request 307, the server engine 200 may havesufficient information to proceed, or may require additional informationfrom the client device 305. If additional information is required, theserver engine 200 may invoke a series of hand-shaking or communicationexchanges with the client device 305. In either case, the server engine200 must obtain device specific or environmental variables regarding theclient device 305. The client device 305 illustrated in FIG. 3 showsthree categories of environmental variables. The categories and specificenvironmental variables provided are intended to be illustrative ratherthan exhaustive and different devices may include or require differentcategories or variables. The server engine 200 may determine the clientvariables from a variety of sources or techniques. A primary source fordetermining the variables in a web-based request is the HTTP requestheader since the content request from the client device 305 is normallyembedded within a URL string. The server engine 200 may also utilize the“round trip” time and other implied or explicit information to determinethe value of the variables.

The variables identify specific content that the client is requesting.Some of the client variables identify the type of device making therequest, client screen resolution, the client caching capabilities (onclient device and on client network), the device display specifics(resolution, color/B&W/greyscale, type, color bit depth, etc.), andnetwork characteristics (bandwidth, bandwidth/connection type orprotocol, variability of bandwidth, compression/decompression rates,etc.). Those skilled in the art will realize this list is not exhaustiveand that in any given request each of these variables, fewer than thoselisted, or more than those listed may be used.

Once the variables and their values have been identified, the serverengine 200 performs request parsing 310. One aspect of the requestparsing process 310 is to perform a “best fit” analysis by evaluatingthe variables against an existing “best fit matrix” in order to derive acontent category. The best fit matrix is simply a single tomultidimensional matrix that receives one or more variables as an inputand provides a “best fit” template or profile based on the variables. Insome instances, only a single variable may be required. For instance, ifthe server engine 200 has received a variable that identifies the clientdevice 305 as a specific version and model of a Palm IV PDA, thisvariable may be used as a single lookup variable to identify the bestfit profile. However, in other instances, multiple variables may berequired to identify a best fit template. For instance, to identify abest fit template for a hand held wireless device, the server engine 200may require the following variables: a device type, a display type, adisplay resolution, and a service grade level.

The content category is utilized by the server engine 200 in an effortto determine a “best fit” method or profile for: (a) sending the correctimage, video, text, template, and markup language (HTML, DHTML, SGML,XHTML, XML, etc.) that optimizes display and performance on the clientdevice 305; (b) sending the correct content density for the client'savailable/effective bandwidth; (c) determining which methodology isappropriate for enabling transactions; and (d) determining what sessionvariables, etc. are available, and which variables are necessary fornegotiating and employing appropriate security, encryption algorithms,etc. If the system is unable to determine a “best fit” profile fromexisting content categories and the client variables, then a best fitvalue (lowest common denominator fit) is determined and used untilenough information related to each of the above variables can becollected.

These client variables are then evaluated against a user's profile 315(derived from previous interactions with the server engine 200, andsupplemented with any new or changed information from the current clientidentification and determination process). The server engine 200 can beextended to enable the use of shared profiles or parameters (forinstance, all AOL users may have similar characteristics, so there is noneed to fully evaluate each AOL user independently). The server engine200 may also be extended for adaptive learning. Using adaptive learning,as user profiles are updated, corrected, or new information is obtainedduring the user's interaction with the server engine 200, the user'sprofile is updated to reflect these profiles, corrections and newinformation.

Thus, during the client identification, determination and parsingprocess, the server engine 200 extracts information from a contentrequest 307 from a client device 305, utilizes existing informationabout the client device 305 and/or a user of the client device, andderives information from other sources in an attempt to identify (a)what content to obtain for the client device 305 in response to thecontent request 307 and (b) how to deliver the content to the clientdevice 305.

Content Storage and Retrieval. The server engine 200 maintains ameta-database 320 (also referred to as a linker database) that containsinformation about the content resources 330 that are indexed by theserver engine 200. A content resource 330 may be any of a variety ofdevices or entities that provide content or information including, butnot limited to, remotely located systems accessible via the Internet orsome other means, local systems, live audio or video feeds, live textfeeds such as news sources or the like and databases.

Typically, the linker database 320 does not store the actual content,but rather stores information about how (resource retrieval API 322) andwhere (content resource location 324) to obtain the content.Advantageously, the use of a linker database 320 allows the number andamount of content resources 330 available to the server engine 200 to bevirtually limitless.

More specifically, for each content resource 330, the linker database320 maintains descriptive information to facilitate the server engine's200 access of content from the content resource 330. Any of a variety oftechniques may be utilized to perform this function. In one embodiment,for each particular content resource 330, the linker database 320maintains (a) a unique system identifier, (b) a resource name, (c) atemplate required for the display of the available content (a sub-tablewith various template types), (d) the location and state or status ofthe available content, (e) the type of content (image, video, streamingvideo, text, markup language document, application component, etc.), (f)the format of the available content (.jpeg, .mpeg. etc.), (g) theversion of the content format for the available content (MPEG2, MPEG3,etc.), (h) the content quality of the available content (color bitdepth, resolution, frame size, frames per second, etc.), (i) instructionsets or business rules that describe use information regarding theavailable content (last use, last used by, date added, date updated,copyrighted or public domain, etc.), (j) a cross-reference to anotherrepository that may contain information necessary to retrieve andutilize the content (i.e., structure query language statement,application program interface, lookup statement, etc.) and (k) otherinformation that may be necessary to optimize the performance of theserver engine 200 in the access, conversion and delivery of the contentsuch as, the speed and throughput of the network connection between theserver engine 200 and the content resource 330, and the amount of timerequired to render the content.

Thus, during the content storage and retrieval process, the serverengine 200 utilizes the information obtained during the clientidentification, determination and parsing process, as well asinformation contained in the linker database 320 to obtain the contentrequested in the content request 307, as well as additional informationregarding the content. Based on the client variables, the server engine200 may seek out and obtain content that is optimally suited for theclient device 305. Advantageously, this aspect of the present inventionhelps to minimize processing that is required in the transformation ofthe content. The content, along with any other necessary information isthen provided to the inbound content transformer 115.

Transformation, Packaging and Delivery Process. During thetransformation, packaging and delivery process, the server engine 200transforms the content to a format suitable for the client device 305,and then packages and delivers the transformed content to the clientdevice 305.

The content identified in the content request 307 and retrieved from oneor more content resources 330 is, based on the “best fit” contentcategory, transformed to a format that is suitable for the client device305. In the embodiments described in conjunction with FIG. 1, thisprocess may be accomplished by transforming the source content to aninterim format 120 and then based on the “best fit” templatetransforming the content into a destination format 130, or the sourcecontent can be directly transformed from the source format 110 to thedestination format 130 based on the “best fit” template.

In a specific embodiment of the server engine 200, the outbound contenttransformer 125 may be an XSLT engine and the inbound contenttransformer 115 may be a reverse XSLT engine. In this embodiment, thesource content will be transformed from a source format (SGML_(s)) 110to an interim format (XML) 120 and then to a destination format(SGML_(d)) 130. The server engine 200 uses business rules and the “bestfit” content category derived during the client identification,determination and parsing process to select the appropriate SGML formatfor the client device 305. Other engines and engine variants may also beused or developed and the present invention anticipates suchdevelopment.

Once the content has been transformed, the server engine 200 “wraps” or“overlays” the content with an appropriate template. Once again, basedon the “best fit” analysis and the “best fit” content category, theserver engine 200 determines a proper set of templates and templateparameters for displaying the content and merges the transformed contentinto the proper template for delivery to the client device 305. Thelinker database 320, in addition to indexing content resources 330, alsoindexes a template database 340. The template database 340 may be alocal database or a remotely located database accessible to the serverengine 200 through the Internet or some other localized or globalnetwork. Based on the “best fit” analysis, the location 326 of the “bestfit” template can be extracted from the linker database 320 and used toaccess the “best fit” template from the template database 340.

Thus, the server engine 200 will provide content to the client device305 in a format that is adapted to the client device 305. The adaptationto the client device 305 is a function of the information indexed fromthe content resources 330, but is also a function of the template chosento render the information to the client device 305. This template willbe indexed from the template database 340 and its content will bedependent on the values of the client variables and the variables of thecontent request 307. The template database 340 is a second functionalinput to the transformation engine 100 and thus, controls the way theoutput is rendered to the client device 305. The output 130 of theserver engine 200 is provided to the client device 305 through a networkconnection, such as through the Internet. Advantageously, the presentinvention operates to obtain, transform and deliver the compatiblecontent in a quick and efficient manner

This aspect of the present invention further enables the dynamictransformation of even currently incompatible content types for a givendisplay device. For instance, content that was formerly too large (infile size, display format) for a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) can be“thinned down” based on a “best fit” basis to make the content usable tothe PDA. Content transformation can occur against content that is storedwithin the server engine, or against content that is remotelyindexed—stored on servers and in repositories (databases, file systems,etc.) that are not proximate to, or related to the server engine. Thisremote indexing of content very closely follows “peer-to-peer” contentindexing (e.g. music sharing systems), but is different in that thecontent may be of many disparate and heterogeneous types and formats(pictures, video, music files, stock ticker data, text documents, HTML,etc.); thus more akin to a server-to-server functionality.

It should also be noted that in alternative embodiments, the serverengine 200 may offer integrated security. Integrated security includesapplication components, template design, database access, andapplication access, all determined by the same security (users & groups)level of access. This keeps all access to the server engine 200 under asingle governing system. The server engine 200 circumvents standardbrowser based security messages by intercepting these messages,processing them (as normal content) into the server engine 200,“wrapping” the security dialog in an appropriate template, and renderingthem in a consistent format as a “containerized application” throughwhich the user can interact within the System.

Applications of the Present Invention

The present invention, as described above, is revolutionary in itsability to access content in any format and deliver the content in acompatible format to another device. In addition, there are manyrevolutionary applications of the present invention that, prior to suchinvention, were not available or possible to implement. Two suchapplications include (1) a content manager and (2) platform agnosticserver-based applications.

Content Manager. Within the context of a content manager, the presentinvention empowers users at all skill levels, whether they have littleto no HTML or other markup language knowledge or experience, to createand manage content. The transformer engine aspect of the presentinvention allows the content of a web site to be stored in an interimformat and then accessed and transformed for any of a variety ofplatforms. In addition, as will become more apparent upon reading thedescription of the platform-agnostic server-based applications, the website content can be easily edited and managed, from any platform, usinga user friendly, intuitive interface.

The present invention can be utilized to create different toolsets. Thetoolsets are functional aspects that enable the actuation of content(e.g. print function, cut function, paste function, bold, italics,underline, size, symbols, justify, bullets, number, indent, color,linking, etc.). Though initial applications have been developed usingthe toolset of the present invention, those skilled in the art willrealize that other applications and other toolsets that leverage thepresent invention can be used/reused to create more applications andtoolsets. Thus, numerous embodiments of this invention include differenttoolsets and application combinations.

The content manager based on the present invention provides a “createonce, publish anywhere” (COPA) capability. Thus, content can be createdand then rendered in any format to any device. The ability to populate asystem once for multiple devices is very advantageous. The contentmanagers can handle a number of different markup language, including butnot limited to, wireless, handheld devices and set-top boxes, inaddition to the variety of formats on the Web. The content managerallows a user to preview the content on multiple devices before thecontent is published. The content manager also allows a user to createdifferent sets of device templates.

Platform-Agnostic Server-Based Applications. FIG. 4 is a process flowdiagram illustrating a particular application of the present inventionin providing a platform-agnostic interface capability for server-basedapplications. In general, the present invention provides for thecapability for server-based applications to be shared with a variety ofplatforms. User interface information is stored in an interim format onthe server and then rendered to device specific formats when theapplications are invoked or actuated by a client device. Thus, theserver-based applications can be shared with any of a variety ofplatforms.

Initially, the client device 305 invokes a server-based application byissuing a content request 405. The server-based application may resideon the server engine 200 or any remote server accessible by the serverengine 200. In response to receiving the content request 405, the serverengine 200 identifies the specifics of content request, invokes theapplication and produces a client specific application interface 410.The server engine 200 then delivers content defining the applicationinterface 415 to the client device 305.

This application interface provided to the client device 305 may be acustom application interface that runs resident on the client device305, a browser-based interface that runs resident within a browserapplication running on the client device 305, or a browser-likeapplication interface which runs resident on the client device 305. Fora personal computer user, a browser-based application may have the lookand function of an “executable” compiled 32-bit processing calculatorapplication interface running on the clients computer. However, inreality, only a shell interface is provided to the client and a portionof the processing is performed on the server. This invention is notlimited, however, solely to 32-bit interfaces, but can be automaticallyadapted to provide an interface that is similar to the operating systemand programming style of the end user's client.

Upon receiving the content defining the application interface 415, theclient device 305 renders the application interface on its display andthen waits for a user or process to actuate a feature of the applicationinterface. The performance of, and actuation of, the server-basedapplication will be exactly like, or similar to, the actuation requiredfor a compiled, executable application. Once the application interfaceis actuated 420, the actuation will either be handled locally by theclient device 305 or remote to the client device 305. For localprocessing 425, the client device 305 simply interprets the actuationand performs the appropriate action. As an example, if the server-basedapplication is a calculator, actuating a digit key may be processedlocally and thus, the client device 305 would render a number on thedisplay. If the actuation is to be processed remotely 425, the clientdevice 305 provides a content request 430 to the server engine 200.

In response to receiving the content request 430, the server engine 200identifies specifics of the content request, invokes the appropriateaction, and produces a modified application interface if necessary 435.Once the modified application interface is produced, the server engine200 provides the content 440 to the client device 305. Additionalactuation may be performed by the client device 305 and each will beprocessed as described above.

Eventually, the client device 305 may attempt to exit the application440. If an exit with a request to save any modifications is performed445, the client device 305 provides an exit request and any data thatneeds to be saved 450 to the server engine 200. In response to receivingthe exit request with a save 450, the server engine 200 updates anynecessary databases with the changes 455. If an exit without a requestto save any modifications is performed 445, the client device 305provides and exit request 460 to the server engine 200. Whether the exitrequest is with or without a save operation, the server engine 200 thencloses or terminates the application 465.

The server engine's distinct ability to remotely index any content, alsoapplies to these applications of the present invention. For the contentmanager, components (source code modules to support menu drop downs,buttons, dialog boxes, pop-up windows, subroutines, etc.) can beremotely index, and dynamically served.

The content manager application is actually a specific embodiment of thedevice-agnostic server-based application implementation of the presentinvention. The content manager enables a client device to access andchange Internet delivered (website) content from an application that isprovided to the client device from a remote server, using codecomponents and controls that are only delivered via an Internet browseror browser-based application interface or some other applicationinterface.

This application of the present invention illustrates the impact of thepresent invention in Internet and intranet publishing and contentmanagement fields, as well as the field of software and hardwaredevelopment related to the delivery to remote telecommunications devicessuch as pagers, Personal Digital Assistants (“PDAs”), interactive TV,digital set-top boxes, and the like. Application of this inventionenables persons engaged in the creation or maintenance and delivery ofcontent (websites, programs, interactive television, data, etc.) to useremote-server-based software components to alter the content withoutrequiring:

(a) The downloading, installation and execution of compiled codecomponents on the user's “client”;

(b) A “browser add-on application or applet” to be created or executedfrom the local (client) machine or server; and/or

(c) HTML, DHTML, XML, Active Server Pages, or other Internet Markuplanguage expertise or experience.

Advantageously, this application of the present invention reduces therequirement for the physical distribution of software, requiring theuser to purchase media and documentation that includes the cost of thatdistribution. There is no need to download and install the application,and immediate upgrades are made available as a result of the invention'sfunctionality.

Another feature of the system is the ability to maintain the state ofthe application in memory or storage of the server, enabling the enduser to suspend interaction with the application for a period of timefrom their client, and later, to pick up “where they left off” using thesame client, or a different client. For instance, the end user mayperform some calculations using his or her PDA, to stop thosecalculations for a period of time, and later, to begin again at the samepoint in the calculative process from the personal computer in the enduser's office. Regardless of device or interface, the functionality willbe similar, and the information and processing provided by thecalculator will be the same, regardless of the end-user's displaydevice.

Conclusion

It should be apparent to the reader that the present invention is uniquein the industry and provides a revolutionary ability for sharingapplications via the Internet. The present invention has been shown toinclude a transformation engine that enables content and information tobe transformed from one format, a source format, to a format that iscompatible with the requesting device, a destination format. This aspectof the present invention allows for varying devices to access and sharecontent via a network without concern as to the format of the content.In addition, the present invention enables applications that were notavailable prior to this invention. The examples herein have beenprovided for illustrative purposes only and should in not be interpretedas restricting any aspects of the present invention. Alternateembodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art to whichthe present invention pertains without departing from its spirit andscope. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention is described bythe appended claims and supported by the foregoing description.

1-7. (canceled)
 8. A method implemented by a client device, the methodcomprising: receiving, by the client device, an actuation of a userinterface provided on the client device, wherein the client device isassociated with one or more client variables defining an environment ofthe client device; transmitting, from the client device to a server, anindication of the actuation; and receiving, by the client device fromthe server, a packaged updated version of the user interface, whereinthe packaged updated version of the user interface is based, at least inpart, on both (1) an environment of the client device that isdetermined, at least in part, using the transmitted indication of theactuation as processed at the server by an invoked applicationcomponent, and (2) interim data representing results of the invokedapplication component.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprisingtransmitting, from the client device to the server, a content request toinvoke the application component.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein theuser interface includes at least one of a custom application interface,a browser-based interface, or a browser-like application interface. 11.The method of claim 8, further comprising rendering the updated versionof the user interface on the client device. 12, (New) The method ofclaim 11, wherein the updated version of the user interface isconfigured to receive one or more interactions that are handled locallyby the client device.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the updatedversion of the user interface is configured to receive one or moreinteractions that are handled through further communications with theserver.
 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more clientvariables describe device display specifics of the client device. 15.The method of claim 8, wherein the client device provides the one ormore client variables via an HTTP request header.
 16. The method ofclaim 8, further comprising transmitting, from the client device to theserver, an exit request causing the server to save a current state ofthe invoked application component.
 17. A computer-readable storagemedium storing instructions that, when executed by a computing device,cause the computing device to perform actions comprising: receiving anactuation of a user interface provided on the computing device, whereinthe computing device is associated with an environment defined by one ormore characteristics; transmitting to a server, an indication of theactuation; and receiving a packaged updated version of the userinterface, wherein the packaged updated version of the user interface isbased, at least in part, on both (1) the one or more characteristicsdetermined, at least in part, using the transmitted indication of theactuation as processed at the server by an invoked application, and (2)interim data representing results of the invoked application.
 18. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the actionsfurther comprise: receiving a second actuation of the user interface;and processing the second actuation locally by the computing device. 19.The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the actionsfurther comprise transmitting to the server a content request to invokethe application.
 20. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17,wherein the one or more characteristics include at least one of:hardware characteristics of the computing device; informationidentifying a network connection that communicatively couples the serverto the computing device; compression or decompression attributes of thecomputing device; data that describes a user of the computing device; orany combination thereof.
 21. The computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 17, wherein a state of the invoked application is maintained bythe server,
 22. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 21,wherein the actions further comprise: suspending interactions with theinvoked application; and causing resuming of interactions with theinvoked application in accordance with the state of the invokedapplication that is maintained by the server.
 23. The computer-readablestorage medium of claim 22, wherein causing resuming of interactionswith the invoked application comprises causing transmission of apackaged user interface from the server to a second computing device.24. A computing device comprising one or more processors and memory, thememory storing contents that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the computing device to: receive an actuation of auser interface provided on the computing device, wherein the computingdevice is associated with one or more characteristics; transmit to aserver, an indication of the actuation; and receive a packaged updatedversion of the user interface, wherein the packaged updated version ofthe user interface is based, at least in part, on both (1) the one ormore characteristics determined, at least in part, using the transmittedindication of the actuation as processed at the server by an invokedapplication, and (2) interim data representing results of the invokedapplication.
 25. The computing device of claim 24, wherein the contentsfurther cause the computing device to render the updated version of theuser interface without executing compiled code corresponding to theinvoked application.
 26. The computing device of claim 24, wherein theupdated version of the user interface is configured to receive a firstinteraction that is handled locally by the computing device; and whereinthe updated version of the user interface is configured to receive asecond interaction that is handled through further communications withthe server.
 27. The computing device of claim 24, wherein the userinterface is provided within a browser at the computing device.